The taxonomy and morphology of 42 SALVIA SPINOSA L. accessions (Lamiaceae) were studied in Iran. This species had a high morphological diversity which was related to the hair frequency and indumentum of base and surface of stem, form of leaf, leaf margin and leaf apex, leaf indumentum, form of bracts margin, dimension and color of bracteole, calyx length, style length, form and color of nutlet. Using the cluster analysis based on Euclidian Distance Coefficient and SPSS V.11.5 software the infra-specific relationships were determined. The results of cluster analysis showed diversity among the accessions of this species. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the morphological variability in this species might be due to the polymorphism, hybridization and new varieties. Consequently, the morphological characters of Iranian accessions of SALVIA SPINOSA have been described and designed in details.

Background & Aim: (SALVIA SPINOSA L.) is perennial shrub and aromatic plant belongs to Lamiaceae family. S. SPINOSA growing wild in Iran. The aim of this study was to identify of the chemical components of S. SPINOSA in Isfahan climatic conditions.Experimental: The aerial parts of the plants were collected from Isfahan province in 2014. The essential oil was extracted by a Clevenger approach and analyzed using GC/MS.Results: In total, 21 compounds were identified in the essential oil from the aerial parts S.SPINOSA. The results obtained in our study indicated that the major components in the oil were a-terpinolene (32.731%), b-ocimene (30.915%), b-patchoulene (12.779%), b-bourbonene (4.263%) and 1,8-cineol (2.883%).Recommended applications/industries: there is only little report on the essential oil composition of S.SPINOSA from Iran, S.SPINOSA can use in traditional medicines for activity antimicrobial.

Introduction: Development of new medicines with fewer adverse effects and more efficacies is needed for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the putative antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of methanolic extract of SALVIA SPINOSA L. (SS) in mice. Materials and Methods: Elevated plus-maze (EPM) and open field tests (OFT) were conducted to evaluate antianxiety and locomotor activity of animals treated with the methanolic extract of SS [12. 5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP)], respectively. Antidepressant-like activity of the extract was evaluated using forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Total phenol and flavonoid contents were measured using spectrophotometric methods. Results: IP administration of SS (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) significantly increased the percentage of time spent and the percentage of arm entries into the open arms of EPM and decreased locomotor activity (100 mg/kg), compared with the control group. Furthermore, the immobility time of animals significantly decreased in both FST and TST with doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of the extract, as compared to the control group. The total phenolic content of methanolic extract was 55. 17 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of dry extract and total flavonoid content was 53. 07 mg of quercetin as equivalents (QE)/ g of extract. Conclusion: SALVIA SPINOSA L. has antidepressant-and anxiolytic-like effects in animal models of psychiatric disorders.

Background: SALVIA SPINOSA L., a valuable medicinal species with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, requires sustainable cultivation methods for pharmaceutical applications. This study investigated photothermal factors affecting seed germination indices to optimize domestication protocols. Objectives: The primary aims were to evaluate the effects of seed age, light conditions, and temperature on key germination indices and seedling vigor, and to establish optimal cultivation protocols for controlled growth. Methods: The experiment followed a completely randomized design with 10 treatments (combining seed age, temperature, and light factors) and three replicates. Measured parameters included final germination percentage, germination index, mean daily germination, germination speed, and seedling vigor indices. Data were analyzed using Duncan’s multiple range test and orthogonal comparisons. Results: The highest germination rate (100%) was observed in aged seeds under warm temperatures and a light cycle. In contrast, the optimal treatment (No. 6: aged seeds + lab temperature [12°C night/20°C Day] + lab ambient light) achieved a balanced germination rate (85%) and robust seedling vigor. Absolute darkness was identified as the primary limiting factor for germination. Conclusion: Treatment No. 6 is recommended as the optimal seed germination protocol for domesticating of this plant. These findings represent a significant step toward sustainable cultivation for pharmaceutical use, reducing reliance on wild harvesting.

Researchers use bionanotechnology techniques as eco-friendly and cost-effective routes to fabricate nanoparticles and nanomaterials. The present study confirms the ability of plant extract of SALVIA SPINOSA grown under in vitro condition for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for the first time. The surface plasmon resonance found at 450 nm confirmed the formation of Ag NPs. Moreover, FESEM images showed that nanoparticles had spherical morphology. Furthermore, XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the particles. FTIR analysis was carried out to identify possible biomolecules responsible in bioreduction of silver ions. Antimicrobial assay verified bactericidal activity of biosynthesized Ag NPs against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. According to the results, by growing the plants under controlled conditions, it is feasible to synthesize nanoparticles with desired properties.

Hydroalcoholic extract of Pycnocycla SPINOSA Decne. exBoiss. var. SPINOSA has in vitro spasmolytic action, and at oral dose of 250µg/kg inhibits castor oil induced diarrhoea in mice. In this investigation, effects of P. SPINOSA var. SPINOSA extract in comparison with nifedipine on blood pressure and heart rate in animal model was studied. Injection of three bolus doses of P. SPINOSA var. SPINOSA extract (100µg/kg, 500µg/kg and 1mg/kg) into the jugular vein, temporary reduced blood pressure and heart rate. However, soon after completion of extract administration blood pressure and heart rate returned to normal. Nifedipine on the other hand caused a sustained reduction in blood pressure and decreased heart rate compared with the control group. From this study it was concluded that P. SPINOSA var. SPINOSA extract at antidiarrhoeal dose has no significant effect on blood pressure and heart rate.